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VSS 10

Zusammenfassungen der neu publizierten Forschungsberichte An dieser Stelle veröffentlichen wir die Zusammen- fassungen der neu erschienenen Forschungsberichte (teilweise gekürzt). Die einzelnen Forschungsberichte können Sie unter www.mobilityplatform.ch bestellen. Résumés de rapports de recherche nouvellement publiés Ci-après nous publions les résumés des rapports de recherche nouvellement parus (partiellement raccourcis). Vous pouvez commander les rapports de recherche sur www.mobilityplatform.ch. EN RESEARCH REPORT NO 1467 Secondary aerosol from road vehicles Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen STEPHEN PLATT IMAD EL-HADDAD, Dr. SIMONE PIEBER JAY SLOWIK, Dr. RU-JIN HUANG, Dr. URS BALTENSPERGER, Dr. ANDRE PRÉVÔT, Dr. Forschungsprojekt ASTRA 2010/021 auf Antrag des Bundesamts für Strassen (ASTRA) In Switzerland, legislative limits for particulate matter (PM) are regularly exceeded at many locations with signif-ff icant, negative, consequences for health and the environment. PM consists of many compounds, with organic species a major constituent. Organic aerosol (OA) may be directly emitted (primary organic aerosol, POA) or formed from the reactions of volatail organic com- pounds (VOC) precursors (secondary or- ganic aerosol, SOA). Any source of VOCs or POA may be associated with the pro- duction of SOA. In this context vehicular exhaust, as an important source of primary PM and VOCs, may also be an important source of SOA precursors, particularly in urban areas where the health implica- tions of pollutants are greater due to higher population density. Emissions DE FORSCHUNGSBERICHT NR. 1473 Forschungspaket «POLIGRIP – Einfluss der Polierbarkeit von Gesteinskörnungen auf die Griffigkeit von Deck- schichten – Initialprojekt» IMP Bautest AG CHRISTIAN ANGST, Dr. sc. techn., dipl. Ing. ETH PHILIP BÜRGISSER, Dr. rer. nat., dipl. Erdw. Forschungsprojekt VSS 2011/401 auf Antrag des Verbands der Strassen- und Verkehrsfachleute (VSS) Die Eigenschaft von Gesteinskörnungen hinsichtlich ihrer Polierbarkeit durch den Verkehr hat eine hohe sicherheits- technische Relevanz. Polierte Oberflä- chen weisen eine schlechtere Griffigkeit auf und beeinflussen somit das Unfall- geschehen negativ. Bis heute wird in der Schweiz die Polierbarkeit mit dem Polished Stone Verfahren (PSV) untersucht. Diese Prü- fung wird, repräsentativ für die Her- kunft einer Gesteinskörnung, an einer einzigen Korngrösse bestimmt. Aus der Prüfung der Polierbarkeit einer einzel- nen Korngrösse wird – mangels besse- of several road vehicle types (2- and 4-stroke scooters (2S and 4S), gasoline and diesel passenger cars, diesel heavy duty vehicles) were studied in a newly developed mobile smog chamber. Key findings – All vehicle types tested, operated with every fuel type, and under every ambient condition produced at least some SOA. Therefore knowledge of primary emissions is insufficient to fully regulate, estimate, and under- stand vehicular particulate matter (PM) pollution. – The use of a diesel particle filter (DPF) in diesel passenger cars significantly cuts organic aerosol and black carbon (soot) emissions compared to older vehicles without DPFs (e.g. Euro 3 and 4, from Chirico et al., in Prep). A reduction of up to 100 times for POA, and a significant 10000 times for BC was observed for vehicles equipped with a DPF compared to earlier results on older vehicles. – Both diesel and gasoline passenger cars produce more SOA than they emit primary. – Modern (Euro 5) gasoline cars pro- duce on average more SOA, and emit more primary PM (average six times higher) than DPF-equipped Euro 5 diesel cars. – The effect of cold conditions (-7°C vs. 22°C) is severe for gasoline vehicles, increasing emissions of PM and hydrocarbons by up to 15 times. No such low temperature effect was observed for diesel passen- ger cars. – Two-stroke scooters may be viewed as «asymmetric polluters»: since they emit more primary aerosol and toxic aromatic hydrocarbons per kg fuel combusted and form considerable secondary organic aerosol than any other vehicle type tested (median value around 100 times higher than a gasoline car for aged total carbona- ceous aerosol), we conclude that they need only make up a small fraction of fleet before dominating vehicular PM in some regions, e.g. East Asia, or southern Europe. Even where they do not dominate they likely produce a relatively large proportion of vehicular PM. – SOA production was observed to be only a small fraction of the total aero- sol from heavy duty diesel vehicles. – SOA from 2S scooters can be ex- plained from the oxidation of aro- matic hydrocarbons in the exhaust, SOA from Euro 5 gasoline and diesel vehicles could not. FORSCHUNG | RECHERCHE38 STRASSEUNDVERKEHRNR.10,OKTOBER2014 ROUTEETTRAFICNO 10,OCTOBRE2014

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